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An Assessment of Pragmatic Implications in Nigerian Political Debates: A Focus on Code-Switching Practices

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Background of the study

Nigerian political debates serve as vibrant forums where language becomes a strategic tool for persuasion and identity construction. In these high-stakes interactions, speakers frequently engage in code-switching—the alternation between languages or dialects—to address diverse audiences and negotiate political meaning. This practice not only reflects Nigeria’s multilingual reality but also creates complex pragmatic implications that affect audience interpretation. The use of code-switching in political debates enables speakers to invoke cultural solidarity, soften controversial statements, and manage interpersonal dynamics (Ude, 2023). Through deliberate language alternation, politicians can target specific demographic groups while masking overt partisanship. Recent studies indicate that such practices can both enhance persuasive appeal and introduce ambiguity, influencing voter perceptions and media framing (Okafor, 2024; Adetola, 2025). This study critically examines the pragmatic functions of code-switching within Nigerian political debates by analyzing debate transcripts, media recordings, and audience feedback. It seeks to elucidate how switching practices shape meaning, mitigate face-threatening acts, and contribute to the overall communicative efficacy in politically charged environments. The research further explores the socio-cultural drivers behind these practices, highlighting their role in fostering inclusive political discourse and reinforcing linguistic identity in an era of rapid sociopolitical change.

Statement of the problem

Despite the recognized prevalence of code-switching in Nigerian political debates, there is a significant research gap regarding its pragmatic implications. Existing literature often overlooks how language alternation influences message clarity and voter interpretation, potentially resulting in miscommunication or strategic ambiguity (Ude, 2023). This dearth of systematic analysis impedes our understanding of whether code-switching enhances political persuasion or undermines accountability in debates. Without detailed empirical evidence, political communicators and media analysts lack a robust framework to assess the efficacy of bilingual practices in these contexts. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the functions and consequences of code-switching in real-time political interactions, thereby providing a clearer picture of its impact on public discourse (Okafor, 2024).

Objectives of the study:

1. To identify common code-switching practices in Nigerian political debates.

2. To analyze the pragmatic functions and effects on audience interpretation.

3. To recommend strategies for optimizing code-switching for clearer political communication.

Research questions:

1. What patterns of code-switching are evident in Nigerian political debates?

2. How do these practices influence the pragmatic delivery of political messages?

3. What improvements can be made to enhance clarity and inclusivity in political discourse?

Significance of the study

This study is significant as it provides a critical analysis of code-switching practices in Nigerian political debates, offering insights into their pragmatic implications for political persuasion and audience engagement. The findings will benefit political analysts, communication experts, and policymakers by clarifying how bilingual practices can be harnessed to promote transparent and effective political discourse (Adetola, 2025).

Scope and limitations of the study:

The study is confined to the analysis of code-switching practices in Nigerian political debates and their pragmatic implications. It does not extend to other forms of political communication or informal bilingual interactions.

Definitions of terms:

1. Code-Switching: Alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a conversation.

2. Pragmatics: The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language.

3. Political Debates: Structured discussions among political figures aimed at presenting policy positions.

 





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